南宋御前諸軍研究─以屯戍為中心之考察

Abstract

本文研究對象為南宋御前諸軍。該武力是南宋朝廷於紹興和議前夕，將中興時期大將──韓世忠、張俊及岳飛等人的兵權解除後，整編其舊部組成的國家正規武裝，此後也逐步擴充陣容。御前諸軍在宋金之間的戰事中發揮舉足輕重的角色，他們曾參與過紹興末年的辛巳之役、隆興元年的北伐，以及隆興二年的甲申之役，並在後來的開禧北伐及嘉定年間的長期戰爭中持續發揮作用。本文將以御前諸軍的「屯戍」──即軍事佈署的模式為中心，分析其在南宋對外關係的不同時期的演變過程。這其中除了探討南宋外部局勢及對外政策的轉變如何對屯戍模式產生影響，也會進一步討論對御前諸軍的軍事編制將發生何種變化。透過本文觀察，御前諸軍的屯戍模式可分作兩個階段：第一、「沿邊不屯軍」時期；第二、「重兵戍邊」時期。前者之背景在於紹興和議對邊境地區駐防所作的限制，宋人為遵守協議，將御前諸軍大部分的兵力屯駐在江南重鎮，僅分派少量「戍兵」至淮南各處戍守，這項規定為後來的隆興和議及嘉定和議所承繼。後者的成因則是宋人眼見金國迫於蒙古壓力南遷後國勢日衰，決議不再遵守和議，並將大部分的御前諸軍移戍至金國附近的邊境地帶，然而隨著戰爭趨於長期化且無休止，這套屯戍模式也導致御前諸軍的軍事編制與地方州縣逐漸嵌合，產生「破碎化」的現象。This study primarily examines the Palace Army (yǜ-ch’ién chū-chǖn) of the Southern Song dynasty. This military force was formed by the Southern Song government on the eve of the 1141 Song-Jin Treaty, following the removal of military command from the great generals of the national reconstruction period—Hán Hsì-ch’ung, Chang Chǜn, and Yüèh Fei. After stripping these generals of their authority, their troops were reorganized into a standardized national force, which continued to expand over time. The Palace Army played a crucial role in the military conflicts between the Southern Song and the Jurchen Jin dynasty. They participated in the Song-Jin War of 1161–1162, the Northern Expedition of 1163, the defensive operations of 1164, as well as the Northern Campaign in 1206 and the prolonged warfare that began in 1217.Focusing on the Garrison and Detachment (tún-shù)—that is, the military deployments—of the Palace Army, this study analyzes the transformations in their deployment patterns during various stages of the Southern Song’s foreign relations. It further explores how changes in the Southern Song's external situation and diplomatic policies influenced these deployments, and how these, in turn, brought about structural changes within the organization of the Palace Army. This research finds that the evolution of the Palace Armies’ Garrison and Detachment can be divided into two phases: (1) the No Garrisoned in border areas, and (2) the Heavy garrisoned in border areas Period. The first phase emerged in the context of the 1141 Song-Jin Treaty, which imposed restrictions on military deployments in border regions. In compliance with the treaty, the Southern Song stationed the Palace Army south of the Yangtze River, and adopted a rotational system wherein a small number of “Detachments” (shù-pīng) were periodically dispatched to key strongholds across the Huainan region. This mode of deployment was inherited by the treaties signed in 1164 and 1208. The second phase arose after the Jin dynasty was invaded by the Mongols and suffered a decline following its southward retreat. As the Jin’s national strength continued to wane, the Southern Song chose to abandon the treaty obligations and redeployed most of the Palace Army to frontier areas near the Jin border. However, as the conflict became increasingly prolonged and seemingly endless, this mode led to the integration of the Palace Army’s military structure with the local administrative system, resulting in a phenomenon of “fragmentation.”