心理韌性三重奏： 探析教練訓練、家長支持與運動員自我效能互動研究

Abstract

本研究源於筆者對跆拳道運動的觀察：兒子從學校社團轉至專業道館後，競技表現顯著提升並屢獲佳績。這啟發了筆者對專業教練訓練模式的好奇，深入探究後發現，除了教練指導，家長支持也扮演關鍵角色。這些頂尖運動員即使面對挫敗，仍能展現驚人的心理韌性，迅速調整心態並重新投入，其強大內在力量促使本研究聚焦於教練訓練、家長支持與運動員自我效能三者如何互動，以形塑運動員的心理韌性，並期望將此經驗推廣至更廣泛的教育領域。本研究以跆拳道為例，採用問卷模式，邀請國家級教練兩位、相同道館家長十三位、相同道館學員十四位，以利探討教練訓練、家長支持與運動員自我效能如何共同形塑運動員的心理韌性，並特別關注不同學齡層（國小、國中、高中）的差異。研究發現，教練們在目標設定、實作訓練、賽後檢討有一致的看法，其次，家長的支持，從情感到經濟以至於實質陪伴，給予運動員莫大的後盾，最後，運動員自我認知除了從前兩者獲得力量，也在同儕間競爭和合作中產生前進的動力。本研究主要貢獻包括：填補理論與實證研究空缺，提供學齡分化的實務指導意義，強化運動競技表現與身心健康發展，推廣至非運動領域的普適性，運動場景中的心理韌性經驗堆疊，有望推廣至學業、職場等更廣泛的教育及人力資源開發領域。藉由三方互動行為，可揭示其共同形塑心理韌性的關鍵路徑，理解「心理韌性三重奏」，對提升競賽心理層次、身心正面導向具深遠影響，並延伸至全人發展的培養。

This study investigates how coaching, parental support, and athletes’ self-efficacy interact to shape psychological resilience in young taekwondo athletes. Inspired by the author’s observation of performance improvement after transitioning from a school club to a professional gym, the research highlights that beyond coaching, parental involvement plays a key role in athletes’ psychological development. Using questionnaires, data were collected from two national-level coaches, thirteen parents, and fourteen athletes across elementary, junior high, and senior high school levels. Results show that coaches consistently emphasized goal setting, training practices, and post-competition reflection. Parental support—emotional, financial, and practical—provided athletes with strong backing. Athletes, in turn, developed resilience not only through these supports but also via competition and cooperation with peers. The study contributes by bridging theoretical and empirical gaps, offering age-specific practical guidance, and emphasizing the transferability of resilience from sports to broader educational and developmental contexts. The proposed “trio of mental resilience” highlights the pathways through which coaching, parental support, and self-efficacy jointly foster athletes’ psychological strength, advancing both competitive performance and whole-person growth.