中國文化軟實力研究：以魯班工坊為例

Abstract

軟實力有別於以武力威嚇使他國就範之硬實力，係指國家透過文化與價值觀吸引力，進而說服其他行為者自願改變其偏好與行為。中國最高領導人將西方軟實力概念加以轉化並賦予中國特色，強調其中之文化元素，並視文化軟實力為對外傳遞價值觀及塑造國家形象關鍵，藉此謀求一個更利於其發展之國際環境。魯班工坊係由天津市政府自2016年起發起之職業教育國際合作項目，展現有別於過往中國以語言與文化推廣為主，提升文化軟實力之新作為。本論文發現，中國透過魯班工坊向「一帶一路」沿線國家輸出職業教育理念、教學標準及教學資源，並與合作國共同開發符合當地需求之專業課程，逐步納入當地教育體系，不僅強化中國職業教育在國際間之影響力與能見度，亦因中國與多數合作國在經濟與技術方面存有差距，故以實用技能為導向之合作模式較易為當地接受，有助於中國樹立務實及正面形象，進而提升其文化軟實力。目前魯班工坊在非洲及亞洲地區之布局最為廣泛，體現中國深化與「全球南方」合作之戰略考量。然而，在擴大設點過程中，魯班工坊亦面臨資金來源等多項挑戰，並引發外國智庫與媒體對中國輸出職業教育意圖之質疑。Unlike hard power, which relies on military coercion, soft power refers to a nation's ability to attract and persuade other actors to voluntarily change their preferences and behaviors through cultural appeal and shared values. China's top leadership has adapted the Western concept of soft power, embedding it with distinctive Chinese characteristics, and particularly emphasizing cultural elements. They view cultural soft power as critical for transmitting values internationally and shaping the nation's image, thereby fostering an international environment conducive to China'sdevelopment. Luban Workshop, initiated by the Tianjin municipal government in 2016, represents an international vocational education cooperation project that differs from China's traditional language and culture-focused soft power strategies. This thesis finds that through the Luban Workshop, China exports vocational education concepts, teaching standards, and educational resources to countries along the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Moreover, it collaborates with partner countries to developspecialized curricula tailored to local needs, gradually integrating them into local educational systems. This approach not only enhances China's global influence and visibility in vocational education but also, given the economic and technological gaps between China and many partner countries, promotes practical skill-oriented cooperation that is more readily accepted locally. Consequently, this facilitates China's projection of a pragmatic and positive image, effectively strengthening its cultural soft power. Currently, Luban Workshop has been most extensively established across Africa and Asia, reflecting China's strategic intent todeepen cooperation with the Global South. Nevertheless, in the process of its expansion, Luban Workshop has encountered multiple challenges, notably concerning funding sources, and has prompted skepticism from foreign think tanks and media regarding China's true intentions behind exporting vocational education.