以質性研究探討大專籃球運動員賽場情境的自我對話之分析

Abstract

自我對話作為一項關鍵的心理技能，能幫助運動員調節情緒、提升動機及改善專注力。然而，過去的研究多聚焦於個人運動項目與量化評估，對於團隊運動項目中賽場情境的自我對話之探討較為有限，再者自我對話在性別的差異亦未受到關注。因此，本研究旨在探討大專籃球選手於競技賽事中賽前與賽中的自我對話內容與功能，並進一步分析不同性別在語言策略上的異同。研究方法：本研究採用質性研究方法，透過半結構式深度訪談，蒐集2024年UBA(大專籃球聯賽)公開一級晉級決賽隊伍之17位球員的資料。資料分析以Hardy等人(2001)提出的功能性自我對話模型為依據，並採主題分析法進行詮釋。研究結果發現，賽前選手主要以情緒調節與目標設定，以及針對身體狀況使用自我對話。賽中選手主要針對皆會使用動機型與認知型自我對話進行自我調節。自我對話的形式與功能會隨比賽不同階段（賽前與賽中）而產生變化，多數選手認為自我對話能幫助其增進運動表現。其反映出選手在壓力與表現需求下的適應機制。此外，女性選手傾向使用溫和、支持與肯定性的語句，以穩定情緒並建立自信；而男性選手則偏好使用指令式與任務導向的語句，以強化專注力並調整策略。結論：本研究結果有助於深化對團隊運動情境中自我對話的理解，並為教練與運動心理師在設計具性別敏感度的自我對話訓練策略提供實務建議。Self-talk, as a critical psychological skill, can help athletes regulate emotions, enhance motivation, and improve concentration. However, previous research has primarily focused on individual sports and quantitative assessments, with relatively limited exploration of self-talk in competitive contexts of team sports. Moreover, gender differences in self-talk have received little attention. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the content and functions of pre-competition and in-competition self-talk among collegiate basketball players and to further analyze the similarities and differences in language strategies between genders. Method: This study adopted a qualitative research approach and conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with 17 players from teams that advanced to the finals of the 2024 University Basketball Association (UBA) Division I. Data analysis was guided by the functional self-talk model proposed by Hardy et al. (2001) and interpreted using thematic analysis. Results: The findings revealed that athletes primarily used self-talk for emotional regulation, goal setting, and monitoring physical states before competition. During competition, athletes predominantly engaged in motivational and cognitive self-talk for self-regulation. The form and function of self-talk varied across competition phases (pre-competition vs. in-competition), and most athletes perceived self-talk as beneficial to their performance. This pattern reflects athletes’ adaptive mechanisms under pressure and performance demands. Furthermore, female athletes tended to use gentle, supportive, and affirming statements to stabilize emotions and build confidence, whereas male athletes preferred directive and task-oriented statements to enhance focus and adjust strategies. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to a deeper understanding of self-talk in team sport contexts and provide practical recommendations for coaches and sport psychologists in designing gender-sensitive self-talk training strategies.