從認知語義角度探討華語反義詞「快」與「慢」之對稱性分析

Abstract

本研究針對華語反義詞「快」與「慢」之語言使用方法，分析其詞義的不對稱性。「反義詞」在一般的認知中，應是一對意義完全相反、詞義可以相呼應的詞彙。然而觀察自然語言及語料庫中的用法，發現反義詞並非全然對稱，因此本研究欲了解詞彙間不對稱之現象，故選擇以日常使用較頻繁的「快」與「慢」為例，以認知語言學的觀點分析其詞義，並應用MARVS (Module-Attribute Representation of Verbal Semantics) 理論（黃居仁等，2000）進一步了解兩者狀態不及物動詞之語義特徵。 本研究首先以蒐羅中央研究院平衡語料庫所有華語「快」與「慢」之詞彙組合，再參照「教育部重編國語辭典修訂本」、「中文詞彙網路2.0」，以及前人的研究歸納出「快」與「慢」的詞義，「快」總共有11個詞義，而「慢」共有8種詞義。接著根據Evans (2005) 界定之原型理論標準及各詞義在平衡語料庫中的分布狀況，推導出其原型詞義，以及其他轉喻義及隱喻義。然後根據兩個詞彙之狀態不及物動詞詞義，以MARVS理論（黃居仁等，2000）分析其不同的事件狀態及語義角色，最終其語義表達的類型。 本研究欲了解「快」與「慢」之詞義不對稱性，從自然語言及平衡語料庫中檢視其不對稱之情形，發現兩者的詞義並無完全對應，「快」的不對稱性比例比「慢」還要高，然而大部分「慢」的語義是可以和「快」對稱的上的，這可能與華語的社會背景及認知發展有關，造成其詞義延展有差異性。 本研究最終根據研究結果提出了「快」與「慢」之研究建議方向，期能對將來對語言學和華語教學有興趣之研究做出貢獻。

This study investigates the asymmetry in the meanings of the Mandarin Chinese antonyms"kuài" (fast) and "màn" (slow) by analyzing their usage in natural language. While antonyms are generally understood to be pairs of words with completely opposite meanings, observations of natural language and corpus data reveal that antonyms are not always symmetrical. This research aims to understand the phenomenon of asymmetry between these lexical pairs by selecting the frequently used terms "kuài" and "màn" as examples and analyzing their meanings from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Furthermore, it applies the MARVS theory (Huang et al., 2000) to gain a deeper understanding of the semantic characteristics of these two intransitive state verbs. The study begins by collecting all combinations of the words"kuài" and "màn" from the Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. Then, by referring to the "Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary" by the Ministry of Education, the "Chinese Wordnet 2.0," and previous studies, it identifies the meanings of "kuài" and "màn." "Kuài" has a total of 11 meanings, while "màn" has 8 meanings. Using the prototype theory standards defined by Evans (2005) and the distribution of each meaning in the balanced corpus, the study derives their prototypical meanings,as well as other metonymic and metaphorical meanings. Subsequently, based on the semantic characteristics of the two intransitive state verbs, the MARVS theory (Huang et al., 2000) is used to analyze their different event states and semantic roles, ultimately determining the types of semantic expressions. This study aims to understand the asymmetry in the meanings of"kuài" and "màn" by examining their asymmetry in natural language and the balanced corpus. The findings indicate that the meanings of these two words do not correspond completely, with "kuài" exhibiting a higher degree of asymmetry than "màn." However, most of the meanings of "màn" can correspond to those of "kuài." This difference may be related to the social context and cognitive development of the Chinese language, leading to differences in the extension of their meanings. Finally, based onthe research results, this study proposes directions for future research on"kuài" and "màn", hoping to contribute to the fields of linguistics and Mandarin Chinese language teaching.