島嶼社會-生態系統與永續治理探討-以澎湖南方四島為例

Abstract

島嶼因地理隔離、資源有限及社會發展受限，在全球氣候與社會變遷下，成為社會-生態系統(Social-Ecological Systems, SES)研究的重要場域。澎湖南方四島(東吉嶼、西吉嶼、東嶼坪、西嶼坪)作為臺灣與澎湖群島間的漁業與貿易節點，正面臨漁業資源減少、人口外流及國家公園成立後的治理挑戰。本研究以島民與社會-生態系統互動架構，探究三個面向：(1) 島嶼生態與社會特性；(2) 社會-生態系統內部互動與適應機制；(3) 島民於環境治理中的機會與困境。研究採用歷史評估法與現象學研究法，回顧並解析南方四島之環境與社會變遷歷程；並輔以半結構式訪談與參與觀察，深入了解島民在生態環境與社會網絡中的互動模式，綜合探討跨域治理機制與在地適應策略，以期建構出符合地方需求之適應性治理模式。研究結果如下： 1. 澎湖南方四島藉由海洋連結與澎湖本島及臺灣本島建立起緊密之社會與經濟聯繫。生態層面上，各島擁有獨特的珊瑚礁與漁業資源，但受洋流與洄游魚種分布不均影響，跨島資源管理與共享成為必要；社會層面上，因人口遷移與經濟發展差異，各島聚落呈現多樣性，其居民高度依賴外部市場，彰顯區域性相互依賴特性。因而，未來治理應促進跨島合作，藉以平衡環境保育、經濟發展及社會參與，進而提升社會-生態系統韌性與適應能力。 2. 南方四島發展受限於自然資源枯竭、環境變遷及政策影響，面臨多重適應挑戰。漁業為主要生計來源，惟因過度捕撈及海洋溫度上升，魚類資源逐漸減少，對經濟結構與人口流動產生負面衝擊；同時，國家公園成立雖促進生態保育，但亦對傳統漁業構成限制，進而引發地方居民對治理模式的適應與抗衡。需透過社區行動、政策協調及在地創新機制，可有效增強島嶼社會的適應力，為永續發展奠定基礎。 3. 建構以社會學習與「里海」(Sato-umi)概念為導向之環境治理策略，長期環境監測計畫使島民得以參與魚類資源與珊瑚生態之變化觀測，累積環境數據以提升對生態變遷的認識；此外，結合環境教育與生態旅遊發展，在地知識與資源管理相互補強，可促進保育與經濟並行。藉由推動公民科學計畫(如淨灘、珊瑚復育等)，使居民由被動接受政策轉變為積極參與治理，進而建立起符合地方實情的永續治理模式。研究發現島民參與能提升島嶼社會-生態系統之適應力與治理韌性，運用跨領域合作、在地參與及環境教育不僅有助於協調生態保護與社會經濟發展間的矛盾，亦為其他離島提供可參考之治理經驗。在全球環境變遷的背景下，推動社群主導之環境治理模式，將成為未來提升島嶼永續發展的重要途徑。Islands, characterized by geographical isolation, limited resources, and constrained socio-economic development, have become focal points for Social-Ecological Systems (SES) research amid global climate and social changes. The Southern Four Islands of Penghu (Dongji, Xiji, Dongyuping, and Xiyuping), key nodes for fisheries and trade, face challenges such as declining fish stocks, population outflow, and governance complexities following the establishment of a national park.This study adopts an SES framework to examine three key aspects: (1) ecological and social characteristics of the islands; (2) internal interactions and adaptation mechanisms within the SES; and (3) opportunities and challenges for local communities in environmental governance. Through historical assessment, phenomenological analysis, semi-structured interviews, and participatory observation, this study explores islanders’ interactions within their ecological and social networks, providing insights into cross-regional governance and localized adaptation strategies.Key findings include:1. Inter-island socio-ecological connectivityThe Southern Four Islands maintain strong socio-economic ties with Penghu and Taiwan through marine linkages. While each island harbors distinct coral reef and fishery resources, uneven oceanic conditions necessitate coordinated resource management. Socially, population migration and economic shifts have diversified settlement patterns, reinforcing the need for governance strategies that balance conservation, development, and local participation.2. Challenges in adaptation and resource managementOverfishing and climate change threaten fisheries, impacting economic stability and accelerating population decline. Although the national park enhances conservation, it also restricts traditional fishing practices, prompting local resistance. Strengthening community engagement, policy coordination, and localized innovation is essential for sustaining adaptive capacity and resilience.3. Governance strategies rooted in social learning and Satoumi conceptsLong-term ecological monitoring enables islanders to participate in environmental management, enhancing awareness of ecological shifts. Integrating environmental education and ecotourism fosters a balance between conservation and economic sustainability. Initiatives such as citizen science projects empower residents to transition from policy recipients to active governance contributors, supporting a locally grounded, adaptive governance model.This study underscores the role of islander participation in enhancing SES resilience. Interdisciplinary collaboration, local engagement, and environmental education are crucial for balancing ecological conservation with socio-economic needs, offering governance insights applicable to other small islands facing similar challenges.