清代臺灣請墾制度的運作：以海山地區為例（1713-1783）

Abstract

本研究以清代臺灣海山庄為案例，探討請墾制度的運作模式與「墾區莊」的形成過程。海山庄大約是指現在的樹林、板橋區以及新莊區的桕子林、西盛一帶。18世紀的開墾歷程涉及墾戶、業戶、番社與官府等多方互動，並呈現多種制度並存的現象。然而，現有研究多著重於家族史與地權關係，對於墾戶實際操作請墾制度的方式及其對地方土地利用與租佃秩序的影響，討論較少。本文選取康熙五十二年（1713）至乾隆四十八年（1783）為研究時段，主要依據海山地區契約文書、地方志及先行研究，特別運用張士箱家族文書，包括《泉州、臺灣張士箱家族文件匯編》與〈永泰租業契總〉，結合比較分析，重構18世紀請墾制度的實態。研究發現，請墾與報陞在實務上可被拆解並分工操作，形成一種彈性且可流動的地權制度空間，業主資格得以透過股份轉讓在不同區域靈活調整。陳和墾號於海山、內北投與坑仔口三地的開發案例顯示，區域條件與既有經營狀況深刻影響制度推行成效。張士箱家族在接手海山墾業後，透過與番社協議、擴張報陞範圍、水利建設、專業管理人員運用及胥吏職務經營，有效整合族群與行政資源，穩定並擴張租佃關係。隨著18世紀中後期水田化與地權秩序重組，「海山保」等新行政空間興起，標誌請墾制度功能的衰退與土地治理邏輯的轉變。綜上，海山庄案例顯示清代請墾制度在地方呈現「制度規範與地方實踐互構」的特徵，「墾區莊」的形成乃是在制度運作、族群互動與經營策略調整過程中逐步生成。本研究除深化對清代臺灣拓墾空間與治理機制的理解，亦凸顯海山庄文書在重構制度實態上的史料價值，為後續相關研究提供比較與參照的基礎。This study examines the operation of land reclamation regulations in Qing Taiwan through a case study of the Haishan region (1713–1783), which corresponds to present-day Shulin, Banqiao, and parts of Xinzhuang in New Taipei City. Eighteenth-century development in Haishan involved kenhu (petitioning tenants), yehu (landholders), indigenous communities, and local officials, reflecting the coexistence of multiple land tenure systems. While previous studies have focused on family histories and land-rights relations, this research investigates how reclamation rights were practically operated and their impact on local land use and tenancy structures.Using land contracts, local gazetteers, and prior scholarship—particularly the Zhang Shixiang family archives（張士箱家族文書）—this study reconstructs the practical operation of reclamation regulations. The findings show that petitioning for reclamation and official confirmation could be separated and undertaken by different stakeholders, creating a flexible, transferable land-rights framework.The Chen-He（陳和） Reclamation Company’s activities in Haishan（海山）, Neibeitou（內北投）, and Kengzikou（坑仔口） reveal that local conditions shaped implementation. Overall, the Haishan case demonstrates that reclamation regulations in Qing Taiwan were shaped by the mutual construction of institutional norms and local practices. The formation of “reclamation villages”（墾區莊） emerged through the interplay of institutional operation, interethnic interaction, and adaptive management strategies. This study deepens the understanding of reclamation space and governance mechanisms in Qing Taiwan, and highlights the archival value of land contracts from the Haishan region as a comparative basis for future research.