泰國華文學校學生聲調偏誤分析– 以泰北光復高中小學部中年級為例

Abstract

本研究旨在探討泰北山區華文學校小學部中年級的學習者華語聲調偏誤情形，華語的語音是由聲、韻、調組成，對於母語非華文的學習者來說，華語聲調的掌握較不容易。由前人的研究可以得知，華語的聲調偏誤與第二外語習得中介語理論有關，分析中介語理論會利用對比分析與偏誤分析，同時也利用二語習得感知理論，有語音學習模式和感知同化模式當作解釋偏誤原因的基礎。為了探討聲調偏誤是否受到母語遷移的影響，還需要了解不同族群實驗者的語言聲調。探討學習者的偏誤原因，研究工具選擇使用SmartZhuyin中文智能系統，利用系統的測驗功能找出實驗者的偏誤語音，以及使用Praat語音軟體分析語音的偏誤情形。由研究工具所做的實驗結果分析可以得到以下的結論：根據本研究實驗的結果，母語負遷移是影響華語聲調偏誤的主要原因。不論聽辨能力或口說能力，上聲的偏誤比例最高，其他聲調的偏誤，在聽辨及口語能力方面會因為實驗者的母語背景影響而不同。實驗者的教師對於實驗者聲調聽辨能力的影響大於口語能力，至於性別對於聲調聽辨與口語能力的影響較為薄弱。依據本研究得到的結果，泰北華校的教師在聲調教學時，可以針對學習者的難點上聲做加強，補充聲調訓練的教材或是針對語音聲調練習的手機遊戲程式，讓學習者能夠學習聲調更有動機和效率。This study aims to investigate Mandarin tone errors among middle-grade primary school learners in Chinese schools in Northern Thailand. Mandarin phonetics consist of initials, finals, and tones. For learners whose first language is not Chinese, tones are the most difficult aspect to learn. Previous research has shown that tone errors are related to the theory of interlanguage in second language acquisition. To study interlanguage, researchers often use contrastive analysis and error analysis. It is also important to understand the tone systems of the learners’ native languages when examining pronunciation errors. This study also used two important theories, Speech Learning Model and Perceptual Assimilation Model, to explain the error of Chinese tones.In this study, the SmartZhuyin Intelligent Chinese System was used to test the learners’ tone pronunciation. The Praat software was also used to analyze the errors. According to the result of this study, the primary cause of tone errors was negative transfer from the learners’ native language. The results show that the third tone had the highest error rate in both listening and speaking. The accuracy of the other tones depended on the learners’ native languages. Teachers had a greater influence on the students’ listening ability than on their speaking ability. Gender had minimal effect on either skill. Based on the results, teachers in Northern Thailand should place more emphasis on teaching the third tone. They may also incorporate tone- focused materials or mobile games to help students learn tones more effectively.