遼金時期魚龍變紋飾研究

Abstract

魚龍變紋飾為「龍首魚身」的動物形，其紋飾的起源可能為佛經中的摩竭以及中國原有的魚文化與龍文化，相互融合下形成的紋飾造型。紋飾發展自魏晉南北朝時期。龍首魚身的形象確立於唐代中晚期，並深度影響遼代的紋飾發展。至遼金時期，紋飾的發展達到興盛期。遼代多承襲自唐代，持續發展至金代，形象變化豐富，應用媒材與器物類型也更多樣化。紋飾意義與當時代的社會風氣、文化傾向、宗教信仰等因素相關。本文亦試圖從以下三個面向探討遼金時期魚龍變紋飾的社會意義。一為此時期魚龍與儒家文人士子及星象學、星術的關聯。二為遼金時期的佛教發展下紋飾的發展與使用脈絡。三則以墓葬出土資訊為主，藉由考古出土資料可歸納使用者的身分階級，試圖以此推測魚龍變紋飾可能的使用族群。本文以魚龍變紋飾為主要研究對象，主要聚焦於遼金時期的魚龍變紋飾。首先追溯魚龍變紋飾的起源，以及在遼金之前的發展。其次分析遼金時期魚龍變紋飾的類型，在此時期紋飾持續變化，並發展出不同的媒材與造型，如魚龍形器物，以及變形魚龍。最後則探討其在遼金時期的社會意義。試圖從上述各面向歸納出遼金時期魚龍變紋飾的特色。

The Fish-Dragon Pattern, featuring a dragon's head and a fish's body, originated from the Makara in Buddhist scriptures and China's fish and dragon cultures. The motif began to develop during the Wei, Jin, and Northern and Southern Dynasties and was fully established in the mid-to-late Tang Dynasty, profoundly influencing the decorative arts of the Liao Dynasty. By the Liao and Jin periods, the motif reached its peak in popularity. The Liao Dynasty largely inherited its designs from the Tang, continuing its development into the Jin period, where the motif became more diverse in form, materials, and applications.This study also attempts to explore the social significance of the fish-dragon transformation motif during the Liao and Jin periods from three perspectives. First, the relationship between the fish-dragon motif, Confucian scholars, and astrology. Second, the development and usage of the motif under the influence of Buddhism during the Liao and Jin periods. Third, analysis of archaeological findings from tombs to infer the social status of users and identify the possible user groups associated with the motif.This study focuses on the fish-dragon transformation motif, with a primary emphasis on its development during the Liao and Jin periods.First, it traces the origins of the fish-dragon motif and its evolution before the Liao and Jin periods. Next, it examines the various types of fish-dragon motifs from this era, highlighting their continuous transformation and the development of different materials and forms, such as fish-dragon-shaped artifacts and modified fish-dragon designs. Finally, the study explores the social significance of the motif during the Liao and Jin periods, aiming to summarize its defining characteristics from these perspectives.