現代漢語「怎麼」的語意擴展與認知機制研究

Abstract

本論文對現代漢語疑問代詞「怎麼」的複合語意結構進行分類，並整合性分析其語意擴展的過程與機制。為此，本文綜合運用語料庫為基礎的共時分析與通時考察，結合「範疇化理論」､「隱喻擴展理論」及「歸納推理理論」進行探討。首先，「疑問意義」可區分為「方式疑問」､「原因疑問」､「狀況疑問」及「狀態疑問」四種類型，其中「方式疑問」具有［+方法］､［+過程］､［+觀點］等語意特徵；「原因疑問」具有［+判斷］､［+外在性］､［+內在性］；「狀況疑問」則具有［+感知異常］､［+情境探查］､［+突發狀況］；「狀態疑問」包含［+方法］､［+性質］､［+處境］､［+形態］等語意特徵。「指稱意義」可分為「任指」､「虛指」及「確指」三類，並依據「特定性」､「明確性」､「實現性」､「包容性」､「開放性」等語意特徵加以分析。「反問意義」著重語用效果，從「言表行為」､「言內行為」及「言後行為」三個層面進行分析。「程度標示」則以「不怎麼」與「沒怎麼」為核心，探討其在相對尺度與時間尺度下的語意實現模式。第二，本文運用「範疇化理論」分析「怎麼」的語意擴展路徑，歸納出三條主要發展方向。第一條路徑自［疑問］出發，依序擴展為［反問—責備、反駁、催促、解釋、嘆息、困惑、引導］→［謙遜］→［讚嘆、訝異］。第二條路徑由［疑問］擴展為［任指］、［虛指］，進而發展為［確指］。第三條路徑則由［狀況疑問］與［狀態疑問］衍生出［程度標示］之意義。由此可見，各類意義皆以［疑問］為原型語意，沿著不同語意路徑漸進且系統性地擴展。第三，從轉喻與隱喻的角度分析了「怎麼」的語意擴展機制。首先，轉喻式語意擴展是指在同一語意領域內功能焦點逐步移動的方式。「怎麼」從［疑問］出發，在情緒反應語意領域內擴展為［反問－責備、反駁、催促、解釋、歎息、困惑、引導］，隨後在需要社會禮儀的語境中擴展為［謙遜］，至清代則進一步擴展為表達正向情感的［讚嘆］、［訝異］。從［疑問］到［指稱］的轉喻性變化中，「怎麼」由原本探索具體資訊的功能，逐漸轉化為在迴避特定或強調模糊語境中實現［任指］、［虛指］，並最終指向具有語境性確定性的［確指］。至於從［疑問］到［程度標示］的轉喻性擴展，則是由狀況及狀態疑問的應答表達出發，經由主觀評價，最終固化為獨立的陳述功能。接著，隱喻式語意擴展則表現為概念領域之間的轉移。「怎麼」初期雖在［疑問］概念領域內透過轉喻性擴展取得了［反問］、［指稱］、［程度標示］等非疑問功能，但隨著這些轉喻性變化的累積，其概念結構逐漸向［非疑問］領域遷移，此即隱喻擴展的結果。當同一語意領域內的功能擴展累積至一定程度後，將引發概念領域的變動。「怎麼」遂由原初的［疑問］功能，擴展為涵蓋［非疑問］的新語意體系。第四，從歸納推理理論的觀點分析「怎麼」的語意擴展機制。宋代屬於語意變化的前期階段，「怎麼」主要用於疑問功能。元代進入「歸納推理階段」，「反問」、「指稱」等新語意開始出現，但僅限於特定語境中使用，呈現初步趨勢。明代為「一般化的歸納推理階段」，這些新語意經由反覆使用逐漸擴展，語用範圍也日益增大。至清代則發展為「編碼語意階段」，上述語意類型廣泛分布於文學與口語語境中，最終使「怎麼」完成主觀化與功能化的非疑問語法化重構。 總結而言，「怎麼」自客觀的［疑問意義］多維度地擴展至主觀的［非疑問意義］。本研究結合「範疇化理論」、「隱喻與轉喻」、「歸納推理理論」三項架構進行整合性分析，為「怎麼」語意變化提供新的詮釋視角。This study classifies the complex semantic structure of the interrogative pronoun「怎麼」in Modern Chinese and conducts an integrative analysis of its semantic extension process and underlying mechanisms. To achieve this， the research employs a combination of corpus-based synchronic analysis and diachronic examination，incorporating Categorization Theory，Metaphorical Extension Theory，and Inductive Reasoning Theory.First，the interrogative meaning of「怎麼」can be categorized into four types：manner questions， cause questions，situation questions，and state questions. Among them，manner questions exhibit the semantic features of ［+method］，［+procedure］，and［+perspective］; cause questions are characterized by ［+judgment］，［+externality］，and［+internality］; situation questions include［+perceptual anomaly］，［+contextual exploration］，and［+unexpected situation］; and state questions involve［+method］，［+property］，［+situation］，and［+form］.The referential meaning is divided into three subtypes：arbitrary reference，indefinite reference， and definite reference，which are analyzed based on semantic features such as specificity，clarity，actualization，inclusiveness，and openness. The ironical question is examined in terms of its pragmatic effects through the three levels of locutionary act，illocutionary act，and perlocutionary act. In addition，the degree-marking meaning is centered around the constructions「不怎麼」and「沒怎麼」，which are explored in relation to their semantic realization patterns under the relative scale and temporal scale.Second，this study applies Categorization Theory to analyze the semantic extension paths of「怎麼」，identifying three major developmental trajectories. The first path extends from［interrogative］to［ironical question—reproach， rebuttal，urging，explanation，sighing，confusion，inducement］→［humility］→［admiration，surprise］. The second path extends from ［interrogative］to［arbitrary reference］and［indefinite reference］，eventually developing into［definite reference］.The third path extends from［situation question］and［state question］to the meaning of［degree marking］. These findings show that all the derived meanings originate from the prototypical interrogative meaning，and that they systematically and progressively expand along distinct semantic paths.Third，from the perspectives of metonymy and metaphor，the study explores the mechanisms of semantic extension in「怎麼」. Metonymic extension occurs within the same semantic domain through a gradual shift in functional focus. Starting from［interrogative］，「怎麼」extends within the emotional domain to［ironical question—reproach，rebuttal，urging， explanation，sighing，confusion，inducement］，then to［humility］in contexts requiring politeness，and eventually to［admiration］and［surprise］expressing positive emotions by the Qing dynasty. The metonymic change from［interrogative］to［referential］shifts from the function of seeking concrete information to fulfilling referential purposes such as［arbitrary reference］and［indefinite reference］in vague or evasive contexts，finally reaching［definite reference］in contextually anchored uses. The path from［interrogative］to ［degree marking］arises from responses to situation/state questions，which，through subjective evaluation，become fixed as independent declarative expressions. Metaphorical extension，on the other hand，involves a shift across conceptual domains. While the early semantic changes of「怎麼」occurred through metonymy within the［interrogative］domain，the accumulation of such changes led to a structural shift toward the［non-interrogative］domain—this is the result of metaphorical extension. When the accumulation of metonymic extensions reaches a certain threshold，it triggers changes in conceptual domains，allowing「怎麼」to expand from its original［interrogative］function into a new system of［non-interrogative］meanings.Fourth，this study applies the Inductive Reasoning Theory to explain the mechanism of semantic extension. During the Song dynasty，「怎麼」was still in the early stage of semantic change，primarily functioning as an interrogative. In the Yuan dynasty， it entered the stage of inductive inference，where new meanings such as［ironical question］and［reference］began to emerge，albeit limited to specific contexts. By the Ming dynasty，it entered the stage of generalized inductive reasoning，where repeated use facilitated semantic extension and pragmatic expansion. In the Qing dynasty，it reached the stage of encoded meaning，where these meanings were widely distributed in both literary and spoken contexts，culminating in the subjectivization and grammaticalization of「怎麼」as a non-interrogative expression.In conclusion，「怎麼」has undergone multidimensional semantic expansion from an objective［interrogative meaning］to subjective［non-interrogative meanings］. This study integrates Categorization Theory， Metonymy and Metaphor，and Inductive Reasoning Theory to provide a comprehensive framework and novel interpretive perspective for understanding the semantic evolution of「怎麼」.