元代士人地方意識的形塑：《延祐四明志》中對〈學校〉和〈人物〉的書寫

Abstract

本論文是以宋元四明地區的《寶慶四明志》（以下稱《寶慶志》）和《延祐四明志》（以下稱《延祐志》） 的〈學校〉及〈人物〉作為研究對象，首先釐清宋元方志於架構與書寫上的變化，進而探究《延祐志》建構地方意識的方式。 方志經常被認為兼具政治文化功能，一面被當成為朝廷提供地方資訊的文件，但究其內文，也會發現其中反映了編纂者個人的目的。藉由比較《寶慶志》和《延祐志》的編纂群體，可見此二方志皆由官員與地方士人合力完成，具備統整資訊、物產以及保存地方樣貌之功用。然進一步分析目錄及內容編排，便會發現《延祐志》及其以袁桷為首的作者群體，更加強調對地方意識的建構和對德行實踐的深化。 對德行的強調，尤其體現於《延祐志》對〈學校〉與〈人物〉的書寫策略中。在〈學校考〉，袁桷藉多篇記文點出當時代在「學」與「德」之缺陷，亦表明合格「儒」與「士」應有之處事態度；藉由對學統的書寫，將四明地方學校，與當時盛行的朱熹學大傳統相聯繫。於〈人物考〉，除了延續前志對地方家族的重視，更試圖彰顯個別人物在「德」和「學」的實踐。《延祐志》將數位明州重要的士人加上「先生」的尊稱，表彰這些先人在傳播學術和深化德行的貢獻，試圖跨越學派間的疆界，傳遞為學重實踐的理念。與〈學校考〉相同，〈人物考〉也透過連結朱熹，使其作為整合或團結地方的角色，達到使四明回到過去文教鼎盛、民風純美景象之目的。 自對袁桷《延祐志》的書寫策略切入分析，可見其藉由表彰地方原先所固有的學術文化深度及品行出眾的鄉里先人，是能夠契合於當前學術內涵，士人重視教育與德行的世界，向後世學人展示元代士人對當時學風的批評，和對重建地方文化傳統的努力。由此便可以發現，方志並不僅是記載著地方資訊，同時也展現出士人的理想與期待，而這種理想藉著方志傳承的過程，揭示了「方志」這種文本的歷史意義。This study analyzes the Baoqing Siming Zhi and Yanyou Siming Zhi, two gazetteers from the Song-Yuan period, with an emphasis on how the Yanyou Zhi, especially through its “School” (Xuexiao Kao) and “Figure” (Renwu Kao) sections, articulates local identity via historiographical structure and ideological framing. While both gazetteers were compiled collaboratively by government officials and local literati—serving practical functions such as consolidating geographic, economic, and cultural information—the Yanyou Zhi exhibits a distinctive emphasis on moral cultivation and the articulation of local scholarly traditions. In the “School”, Yuan Jue critiques contemporary educational deficiencies, particularly the overemphasis on examination success and the superficial reception of Zhu Xi’s teachings. He outlines an ideal model of Confucian scholars, foregrounding ethical self-cultivation and intellectual sincerity. By situating Siming's educational institutions within the framework of Zhu Xi’s Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, he constructs a localized but ideologically resonant lineage of learning. The “Figure” similarly reflect Yuan Jue’s pedagogical and moral vision. While maintaining the previous gazetteer’s attention to prominent local families, the Yanyou Zhi further elevates individual exemplars by assigning honorific titles such as “xiansheng” (先生), thus highlighting their roles in both the transmission of knowledge and theembodiment of virtue. Through these strategies, Yuan Jue seeks to transcend factional boundaries and promote a practice-centered conception of scholarship. The invocation of Zhu Xi in both sections serves not to assert doctrinal supremacy, but to unify and revitalize local cultural identity. Ultimately, this study argues that local gazetteers such as the Yanyou Zhi are not merely repositories of administrative data; rather, they are vehicles for expressing the ideals, critiques, and aspirations of their compilers. Yuan Jue’s textual interventions reveal a conscious effort to engage with contemporary intellectual concerns and to reconstruct a cultural tradition rooted in the moral and scholarly legacy of the Southern Song. As such, the Yanyou Zhi exemplifies the broader historical significance of gazetteers as instruments of cultural memory and ideological articulation.