臺北市立動物園畜廄刺蠅(Stomoxys calcitrans)族群動態及宿主偏好

Abstract

畜廄刺蠅(Stomoxys calcitrans)為全球廣泛分布的吸血性雙翅目昆蟲，會嚴重威脅動物園與圈養場域內中大型哺乳動物的健康。為得知畜廄刺蠅族群動態與宿主選擇及偏好，本研究於臺北市立動物園調查哺乳類動物身上出現畜廄刺蠅數量、為害情形，長時間監測草食獸欄舍中畜廄刺蠅族群變化，以及進行畜廄刺蠅嗅覺與視覺的偏好實驗。研究結果顯示，畜廄刺蠅成蟲偏好奇蹄目(如家驢、犀牛、非洲野驢)與偶蹄目(如駱駝、水鹿)等中大型草食獸作為吸血宿主，靈長目、食肉目與齧齒目動物身上則極少發現畜廄刺蠅。燈光與黏蟲紙誘集結果發現草食獸欄舍中的畜廄刺蠅族群數量有明顯季節變化，且燈光較黏蟲紙有較好的捕捉效果。幼蟲孳生源調查結果顯示，畜廄刺蠅多在壤土與雞用墊料中羽化，且刺蠅數量與土壤濕度和土壤酸鹼值呈現正相關，沙質土壤則不易發現幼蟲。空間分析顯示非洲動物區與雞舍為畜廄刺蠅孳生源的熱區。氣味偏好試驗發現畜廄刺蠅較偏好非洲野驢與駱駝的氣味，較不偏好犀牛的氣味；花紋偏好試驗則發現畜廄刺蠅較不偏好斑馬的花紋。此外，根據調查研究結果，針對動物園特定的宿主動物與孳生源熱區做出加強病媒防治與場域管理之建議，以期動物園能對吸血昆蟲進行監測，並依有害生物綜合管理(Integrated Pest Management)的理念永續經營動物園場域的良善管理。The stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) is a globally distributed hematophagous dipteran that poses a significant threat to medium- and large-sized mammals in zoological and captive environments. To investigate its population dynamics, host preferences, and sensory cues, this study was conducted in the Taipei Zoo. We assessed the number of stable flies observed on mammalian hosts, their biting behavior, long-term seasonal variation within herbivore enclosures, and their visual and olfactory preferences. Results revealed a marked preference for medium- to large-sized Perissodactyla (e.g., donkeys, rhinoceroses, African wild asses) and Artiodactyla (e.g., camels, Formosan sambar deer) as blood hosts, while flies were rarely found on Primates, Carnivores, or Rodents. Trap data indicated seasonal fluctuation in fly abundance, with light traps proving more effective than sticky traps. Larval surveys showed that stable flies predominantly emerged from loamy soils and poultry bedding, with a positive correlation between fly emergence and both soil moisture and pH value. In contrast, sandy soils were less favorable for larval development. Spatial analysis identified the African Animal Zone and poultry enclosures as breeding hotspots. In olfactory assays, flies showed a preference for the odors of African wild asses and camels, but not for those of rhinoceroses. Visual preference experiments revealed an aversion to zebra-like striping. Based on these findings, we propose targeted vector control and enclosure management strategies tailored to host-specific and spatial breeding hotspots. These recommendations align with the principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to support sustainable and health-conscious zoo operations.