臺灣華語教師之韻律焦點特徵 - 以聲學實驗為主的實證研究

Abstract

本論文是基於對臺灣華語（TM）的聲學語音分析之實證研究，旨在探討TM在不同語域環境中是否會呈現出不同的韻律特徵。基本理論是PENTA模式，此視角下的焦點轄域不只限於傳統的局部凸顯，而是句子內「三區段」調節模式，特別是焦點後壓縮（PFC）。研究從韻律視角，採用嚴格控制的語音實驗，實驗句為「八哥今天喝咖啡」，對17位臺灣國際華語教師，在日常（TM1）和課堂（TM2）兩個語域環境下所說的陳述句進行語音對比分析，以探討其焦點實現特徵及對語調教學的啟示。本研究發現，TM1與TM2之間存在顯著差異，TM1是non-PFC語言，TM2的焦點實現方式則介於PFC與non-PFC之間，前者與之前學者有關臺灣華語沒有PFC的結論一致，後者則與之不同。值得注意的是，並非TM2的每位受試者所說的每個焦點句都能產出PFC， TM2共有51句有可能產出PFC的焦點句，實際只產出23個（佔45%）。PFC產出量最高的是句中焦點，其次是句首焦點，最少的是句中動詞焦點。而且，TM2有時會延遲PFC的實現，即焦點後壓縮發生在焦點後第二個音節並非第一音節，這與北京普通話不同。上述TM2有PFC的特徵可能與說話者的語言環境和華語能力有關。研究結論，TM1與 TM2之間有韻律遷移的可能，從 non-PFC向 PFC方向遷移。 TM2在焦點處擴張方面基本成功習得，然而焦點後韻律處理尚未成熟，以致 PFC產出不穩定。本研究對語調教學的啟示是 PFC可以做為標準華語焦點習得的指標，根據學習者PFC習得檢測數據，製定客製化練習目標，並隨時追蹤習得進展。This paper is an empirical study based on acoustic speech analysis of Taiwan Mandarin (TM), aiming to explore whether TM exhibits different prosodic features across different registers. The underlying theory is the cross-linguistic distribution of the PFC within the PENTA model framework. From this perspective, the PENTA focus domain is not limited to traditional local prominence but rather encompasses a"tri-zone focus adjustment model" within sentences, specifically Post-Focus Compression (PFC). From a prosodic perspective, this study employed a rigorously controlled speech experiment, to analyze the declarative sentences of 17 female Taiwan Mandarin teachers (i.e., those with a relatively high level of Standard Mandarin proficiency). The experimental sentence was "Ba-ge Jin-tian He Ka-fei." Using the ProsodyPro speech analysis tool, the TM teachers spoke in two registers, namely: daily TM (TM1) and classroom TM (TM2), which were compared to explore the characteristics of focus-realization and identify implications for the intonation teaching of TM.The results of the prosody study show significant differences between TM1 and TM2, chiefly that TM1 is a non-PFC language - which is consistent with the results of previous scholars (such as Xu et al. (2012)) - and that the focus realization pattern of TM2 lies somewhere between PFC and non-PFC. Some sentences exhibit PFC, while others do not: sentences with initial focus (10 PFC) and mid-sentence focus (9) produced the most PFC, while sentences with medial-verb-focus produced only 4 PFC (23 out of about of a total of 51 PFCs, namely 45%). Sometimes, TM2 is accompanied by delayed PFC activation, meaning that Post-Focus Compression occurs on the second syllable after the focal point, rather than the first, which differs from Beijing Mandarin. Furthermore, the fact that TM2 can produce PFC is different from the research results of previous scholars (such as Xu et al. (2012)). This may be related to the language proficiency of the speakers.The study concluded that there is the possibility of prosodic transfer between TM1 and TM2, moving from the non-PFC to the PFC. It also examines Nava and Zubizaretta's (2008) claim that on- and post-focal prosody are independently acquired, and that TM2 has basically successfully acquired the expansion of pitch range on focus. However, TM2 is not yet mature in processing post-focal prosody, which causes instability in PFC output. The implication for language teaching is to pay greater attention to the practice and coaching of post-focal prosody rather than on focus. The PFC can be used as an indicator of the acquisition of Standard Mandarin: based on test data from the learner's PFC acquisition, personalized practice goals can be set and the progress of intonation acquisition can be tracked over time.